Using Gradebook on the Central UNIX Systems

Overview
Prerequisites
Objectives
Conventions used in this document
Getting started with Gradebook
Setting up Gradebook for your course
- Exercise 5
Creating a report
- Exercise 6
Adding, adjusting, and listing grades
Calculating scores and assigning letter grades

Overview

This class introduces you to Gradebook, a program that allows you to maintain grades electronically on the central UNIX systems. Grades may be generated by the Test Scoring program or you may enter them by hand. Gradebook provides flexible options for computing numerical scores and letter grades and for generating a variety of reports.

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Prerequisites

To use Gradebook, you must know the basics of file management on the UNIX systems (list, copy, rename files, etc.) and be able to use Pine mail and the pico editor.

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Objectives

Request and receive your class roster file.
Locate files from the Test Scoring program.
Set up Gradebook for your course.
Add grades for tests, assignments, etc.
Use Gradebook to compute numerical scores.
Assign letter grades.
Use Gradebook to generate class reports.
Change Gradebook's default parameters.

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Conventions used in this document

Text you type is shown in bold.
Press the RETURN key after any command typed at a % or Enter: prompt.

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Getting started with Gradebook

To use Gradebook on the central UNIX systems, you will need to set a path to Gradebook from your UNIX account and make a subdirectory where all grade-related files will be kept. You will also need the roster file for your course and the file(s) returned by the Test Scoring program if you submit tests for machine-scoring. The next four exercises are designed to help you get started.

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In the first exercise, you will set up your account to use Gradebook.

EXERCISE 1

Log on to your UNIX account. To establish access to Gradebook, at the % prompt type
```
          source ~larryh/gb/gbsetup
```
Create a subdirectory called gbclass for today's class by typing
```
          mkdir gbclass
```
at the % prompt (See footnote 1).

The next step is to request the roster for your course using EZforms on the central UNIX systems, as shown in the next two exercises. FOR THIS TUTORIAL, skip Exercises 2 and 3 and go to the subsection on obtaining test-scoring files.

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EXERCISE 2

At the % prompt, type
```
          ezforms
```
Press RETURN to select the first form, Class Roster Request. You will see the form shown in Figure 1.
Fill in the blanks (term code, course id, and section numbers) as requested. Do not type anything on the "Send roster to:" line unless you are sending the roster to someone else's account. See footnote 2. To send to a different account, type just the username or username@udel.edu if the account is on the central UNIX systems, or the complete e-mail address if on a different system. (Note that Gradebook runs only on the central UNIX systems.)
Press CTRL-d (CTRL and d keys together) to send the form. The roster will be sent to you via e-mail within one to two working days.
If the form you submitted contains errors, EZforms returns it to you within a few minutes as e-mail (to be checked in the next exercise).

Files returned by EZforms are sent to you as e-mail. The next exercise shows you how to export a sample class roster to a file in your gbclass subdirectory. You will also check for any error messages that may have been returned by the EZforms program.

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Figure 1

Class Roster Request EZformDate: Sep 11 95 Mon 10:17PM EDT To: EZforms@mvs.udel.edu From: evelyn Subject: EZ:51, Class Roster Request Term code: ___ Sample term codes: 95F (fall), 95S (spring), 95W (winter), 95J (summer) Course id: _______ Section(s): ___ through ___ The course id must be in the format SSSSNNN, for example, BISC510. First section number is required; for a range of sections, fill in the second section number. All sections will be sent in a single file. Send roster to: __________________________________________________ Class roster file will be mailed to the requestor unless there is an EÄMAIL ADDRESS entered in the above field. If the above field contains an eÄmail address with no @, '@udel.edu' will be appended to the eÄmail address. Arrow keys move, ^B-Prv page, ^F-Nxt page, ^V-Help, ^D-Send, ^C-Exit

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EXERCISE 3

Start Pine (type pine at the % prompt), open your inbox, and look for any message whose Subject line starts "EZ:51". If you find more than one such message, open the earlier one, which contains a roster file sent to your account for today's session.
Type e to export the message as a file.
On the EXPORT prompt line, type
```
          gbclass/roster.data
```
to call the file roster.data and save it to your gbclass subdirectory. See footnote 3 (Once you are sure the roster file has been saved correctly, delete the message from Pine.)
If there is a second message with a Subject line starting "EZ:51", open it to see whether the EZform you submitted earlier has been returned with an error message.
If the form has been returned to you, type s to save the message (Note: not export).
On the SAVE prompt line, type
```
         form.error
```
to save the form for resubmitting. Repeat for each error message if you submitted more than one request, giving each saved form a unique file name (e.g., form1.err, form2.err).
Quit Pine.

(The following steps only apply if you need to correct EZform errors.)
From the % prompt, change to your mail directory by typing
```
          cd mail
```
Retrieve the saved form into EZforms by typing
```
          ezforms form.error
```
If you need to see the list of errors, press CTRL-v (help). Correct the errors and resubmit the form by pressing CTRL-d.
Type cd to return to your home directory.

Results from the Test Scoring program are sent directly to your home directory on UNIX as files, not e-mail, if you grid standard option 3 or 5 on the control sheet and provide your UNIX login name or number on the User Services Test Scoring Request Card when submitting your scan job.

Files from Test Scoring have a three-part file name of the form tscrnnn.data.xxx where nnn is either the three digits 000" or the number you entered in EXTRA OPTIONS columns 1-3 and xxx is replaced by the Bin Number of your Test Scoring job. For use with Gradebook, you should give these files a one- or two-part name that identifies the gradable item (e.g., test1.data, paper2, etc.). Files containing grades must be moved or copied to the subdirectory that will contain all the other files for your course (gbclass for this session).

In the next exercise, you will simulate receiving four Test Scoring files and the class roster by copying them to your account, renaming them appropriately, and moving them to the gbclass subdirectory.

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EXERCISE 4

At the % prompt, type
```
          cp  ~evelyn/GB/* .
```
to copy four test files and the class roster to your home directory (Note: The final period is part of the command.) Remember that this step is normally not necessary -- grade files are sent to your account by the Test Scoring program and the class roster is sent as mail.

List the files in your home directory by typing

ls

You should see five new files:

     roster.data   tscr123.data.110  tscr456.data.111  tscr789.data.222  tscr999.data.223

Rename and move each file to gbclass in one step by typing the following four commands:

         mv roster.data gbclass
        mv tscr123.data.110 gbclass/test1
        mv tscr456.data.111 gbclass/test2
        mv tscr789.data.222 gbclass/test3
        mv tscr999.data.223 gbclass/test4

Be sure to press RETURN after each command.

Change to the gbclass subdirectory by typing cd gbclass at the % prompt and list the files (type ls ) to verify that the renamed files and roster.data are there.

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Setting up Gradebook for your course

In the next exercise, you will initialize Gradebook for your course. On initialization, the roster file is read into Gradebook and the following default parameters are set:

You can change the defaults by editing the parameters file (see Exercise 16).

Before starting the exercise, make sure you are in the subdirectory that contains your roster.data and test files (type pwd at the % prompt to see your present working directory, or type cd to return to your home directory and then cd gbclass to change to gbclass).

EXERCISE 5

At the % prompt, type
```
          gradebook
```
You will see the Gradebook main menu shown in Figure 2.
At the Enter: prompt, type
```
          init
```
You will be asked what name you want to use for your class directory. The current directory should be /home/strauss/usrc/nn/usernum/gbclass, where nn is a 2-digit number and usernum is your user number on the central UNIX systems. Press RETURN to accept if this is correct. Otherwise, type
```
          ~/gbclass
```

 Figure 2

    *** Current working directory is: ~/gbclass 
    *** Enter desired function from the menu *** 
 
     help:      help , help on this menu if no 
     undo:      Restore the gradebook master file as it was
                before your most recent change
 
     init:      Initialize Gradebook for a new class/section 
 
     add:       Add/replace a quiz, test, assignment, ... 
     remove:    Remove a quiz, test, assignment, ... 
     score:     Find total/average scores of tests, quizzes, ... 
     lg:        Assign letter grades 
     edit:      Change your parameters or grades file
 
     sort:      Sort gradebook master file
     report:    Print/view a report
 
     cd:        Change to another gradebook directory 
     quit:      Exit Gradebook (q) 
 
     Enter:

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Creating a report

Once initialized, Gradebook contains class roster data including student names, Social Security numbers, and other identification data. To create reports containing all or part of the data, in addition to grades to be added later, follow the steps outlined in the next exercise.

EXERCISE 6

At the Enter: prompt, type
```
          report
```
to see Gradebook's report options (list, dstat, freq, vars, and mismatch).
For a simple listing of entries for each student, type
```
          list
```
and press RETURN. At this point, Gradebook only contains ID variables.
At the Enter: prompt, type
```
          name ssno
```
and press RETURN for a report containing names and Social Security numbers. If you had pressed RETURN without entering variable names, only the default ID variable name would be listed. Once you have explicitly listed other ID variables, these become the default next time you view a report.
If necessary, press f or SPACEBAR to go forward or b to go back one screen while viewing the report. Press q to quit the listing.
At this point you may print the report to the central UNIX printers or save it to a file with a name you choose. For this exercise, press RETURN to go to the main Gradebook menu without printing or saving.

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Adding, adjusting, and listing grades

Gradebook is now ready to accept machine-scored or hand-entered grades. In the next several exercises, you will enter both types of grades and reconcile differences between a machine-scored test and Gradebook's master file. At the end of each exercise, an optional last step outlines the procedure for obtaining an updated Gradebook report.

In the first two exercises, you will add machine-scored tests test1 and test2.

EXERCISE 7

To add a grade, at the Enter: prompt, type
```
           add
```
When prompted for NAME of test, type
```
           test1
```
Press RETURN to accept the default, WEIGHT=1. The message Working... appears and the grades are added to your Gradebook.
If there are no mismatches between the grade file and Gradebook's master file (as is the case for test1), you are returned to the main Gradebook menu.
To view a report listing grades for test1, type the following commands at the prompts, starting from the main Gradebook menu:
```
          report
          list
```
Press RETURN for all . The listing shows names, Social Security numbers, and grades for test1. Type q to quit the listing and press RETURN for the main Gradebook menu.

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EXERCISE 8

To add the second test, repeat steps 1-3 of Exercise 7, substituting test2 for test1.

Names and Social Security numbers in test2 do not match up correctly with the roster data. The following message appears:

          Note:   Gradebook did not find a perfect match between students 
                  in your master gradebook file and students in your update file.

                  See the menu: report/mismatch to review mismatches.

                  Press RETURN to continue.

Press RETURN for the main Gradebook menu.

At the Enter: prompt, type
```
          report
```
To see the mismatch file for test2, type
```
          mismatch
 
```
Roster entries (from the master file) are listed on the left, test entries (from the update file) are in the center, and grades are on the right. Discrepancies show as blank entries on one side or the other, depending on their origin, and must be resolved to safeguard the integrity of your data. A print of the mismatch file is shown in Figure 3.
Press q and then RETURN to go to the main Gradebook menu.

Figure 3

Mismatches for adding: test2 Entries under the column labeled 'Master Grade File' came from your gradebook masterfile but not your update (new grade) file. Entries under the column labeled 'Update File' came from your update file but not your master gradebook file Entries under the last column, labeled 'Grade' are the grades recorded for the listed students. Source Master Grade File Update File Grade 222222222 POE, EDGAR ALLAN 0 223344556 CURIE MARIE 43 456789012 MARSHALL, JOHN 0 555556666 PERKINS FRANCIS J 50 556789012 MARSHALL JOHN 40 999999999 SANDBURG, CARL 0

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The mismatch file shows the following:

Two students did not take this test (grade=0). For this example, assume that Poe did not take the test and that Sandburg dropped the course. These students appear only in the Master Grade File.
One student took the test but gridded an incorrect Social Security number. This student appears in both files.
Records for two students appear only in the update file. These students were not found in the master file prior to adding test2 but were added when test2 was added, with name, Social Security number, and grade for test2 taken from the update file, and the remaining ID variables left blank. Assume that Curie added the course after you initialized Gradebook. Perkins is a special case - you must decide whether Francis and Francis J are the same person. In this case, there are two grades, so Francis J must also have added after you initialized Gradebook for this course.

In the next exercise, you will modify or delete student records as needed to resolve the mismatches found in test2. You need not adjust the records of students who added after initialization unless you wish to enter missing ID variables or make-up grades. You will make the following changes to the master file: a) check Poe's record to make sure that the missing grade in the update file has translated to a grade of 0 in the master file; b) enter Marshall's grade in the record with the correct Social Security number and delete his duplicate record; and c) delete Sandburg, the student who dropped, from the master file.

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EXERCISE 9

At the Enter: prompt, type
```
          edit
```
You may edit parameter settings (parm), grades (grade), or letter grade cutoffs (lg).
At the Enter: prompt, type
```
          grade
```
You will see the menu shown in Figure 4.
At the Enter: prompt, type
```
          /Poe
```
to find Poe's record. You will see the editing submenu shown in Figure 5 followed by information about this student. The value for test2 should be 0.
Type q to return to Editing Master Grade File.
At the Enter: prompt, type
```
          /Marshall
```
to find Marshall's record. The record displayed shows the incorrect Social Security number.
At the Enter: prompt, type
```
          delete
```
to delete this record.
Press RETURN to find the other record for Marshall (the next record in alphabetical order).
The value shown for test2 is 0. You know from the mismatch report (Figure 3) that the correct value is 40. To change the value, at the Enter: prompt type
```
          test2 = 40
```
Type q to quit this record. The record is displayed again, with the change you made.
Type q again to return to Editing Master Grade File.
Delete Sandburg's record by repeating steps 5 and 6 above, substituting Sandburg for Marshall.
There is no need to make changes to records for Curie or Francis J Perkins unless you wish to enter the missing ID variables. For today's class, type q to quit and then type q again to return to the main Gradebook menu.
View an updated report by typing the following commands:
```
          report
          list
```
Press RETURN for all . The listing shows names, Social Security numbers, and grades for test1 and test2.

Figure 4

Gradebook: Editing Master Grade File

     Enter function from the menu.
 
        /<string>:    Search for <string> in student name and ssno
        all:          Go through the entire list of students (al)
        addgrade:     Add a new grade ÄÄ quiz, test, assignment, ... (addg) 
        addstu:       Add a new student (adds)
        sort <vars>:  Sort by <vars>
        repeat:       Repeat last function (r)
        quit:         Quit, save changes (q)
        cancel:       Quit, don't save changes
 
     Enter:

Figure 5

Select an option from the menu:

	   <vname>=<value>: Change specific variables
	   p <var>:         Edit variables with prompts, start with <var>
	   delete/undelete: Delete/undelete (keep) this student
	   <return>:        Continue to a new student
	   quit:            Return to the main menu (q)

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Gradebook handles two particular types of mismatches a little differently. If a student has not gridded a Social Security number or if two or more students have entered the same Social Security number, you may edit the Social Security numbers immediately or exit. If you exit, no grades are added. In that case, be sure to correct the problems before trying to add the item again. The next two exercises lead you through both situations and the steps to resolve them.

EXERCISE 10

To add the third test, repeat steps 1-3 of Exercise 7, substituting test3 for test1.

This test includes a blank Social Security number. The following message appears:

	126    EARHART AMELIA    000000000    50    100.0

		     The ssn for this student is incorrect.
		     Do you want to fix it now or exit?

		Type edit to fix now, press  to exit:

Type edit and press the Return key. Gradebook opens the test file in the pico editor.
Find Amelia Earhart s record and change the incorrect Social Security number to the number listed in the roster file, 000111000.
Type Ctrl-X to quit and save changes; type y when asked if you want to save the changes and press Enter when asked to confirm the file name (test3).
To confirm that test3 has been added, issue the commands
```
          report
          list
```
once Gradebook returns to the Main Menu.

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EXERCISE 11

To add the fourth test, repeat steps 1-3 of Exercise 7, substituting test4 for test1.

This test includes duplicate Social Security numbers. The following message appears:

          Note:  Duplicate social security numbers in new-grades file.

            Prior record:    333333333    POE EDGAR ALLEN    41     82.0
            Current record:  333333333    WASHINGTON GEORGE  36     72.0

          Do you wish to edit your new-grades file?
             /y to edit, any other response to exit.
             Enter your choice:

Type edit and press the Return key. Gradebook opens the test file in the pico editor.
Find Edgar Allen Poe s record and change the incorrect Social Security number to the number listed in the roster file, 222222222.
Type Ctrl-X to quit and save changes; press Enter when Gradebook displays a Restart message.
To confirm that test4 has been added, issue the commands
```
          report
         list
```
once Gradebook returns to the Main Menu.

For items that are not machine-scored, Gradebook offers an easy way to enter grades by hand, as shown in the next exercise for a student project called "proj1."

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EXERCISE 12

Type add to start adding grades and proj1 when asked for the NAME. Press RETURN to accept the default weight or enter a different weight for this project. You will see the message "Working ..." followed by "No data file for this variable. "
At the Enter prompt, type
```
          hand
```
to hand-enter grades. Gradebook opens a file called "proj1.data " in the pico editor, with student names and Social Security numbers as listed in Gradebook's master file.
Press CTRL-e to position the cursor at the end of the first line and type a grade for the first student. Use the down-arrow key to move to the next student and enter another grade. Continue until you reach the end of the file.
Press CTRL-x to save your changes and quit pico (return to the main Gradebook menu).
View an updated report by typing the following commands:
```
          report
          list
```
Press RETURN for "all" . The listing shows names, Social Security numbers, and grades for test1, test2, test3, test4, and proj1.

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Calculating scores and assigning letter grades

Once you have entered grades for tests, projects, and so on, you can use Gradebook to calculate numerical scores and letter grades. You may calculate separate scores for each "type" of gradable item (e.g., test scores, project scores, etc.) as well as a final score, the default. Final score, which you will calculate next, computes the other types as well. If you change Gradebook parameters after calculating scores, you must rerun the score function to update the scores.

EXERCISE 13

At the Enter: prompt on the main Gradebook menu, type
```
          score
```
You are shown the two "types " you have entered, test and proj.
Press RETURN to compute the score for all types including final score.
View an updated report by typing the following commands:
```
          report
          list
```
Press RETURN for all . The listing shows names, Social Security numbers, grades for test1, test2, test3, test4, and proj1, and the final score (finalsc). Scores for types test and proj (testsc and projsc) appear in the report only if you choose to list them explicitly. (Optional: Create a report that shows all these scores.)

Before assigning cutoff scores for letter grades, you may wish to see an ordered list of final scores (frequency report, Exercise 14). Exercise 15 shows you how to assign the cutoff scores. Once you have assigned the cutoff scores, letter grades will be reported along with numerical final scores whenever you create a grade list that includes the final score. If you make certain changes to your Gradebook after assigning letter grade cutoffs (e.g., change the letter grade cutoffs or recalculate the final score), you must rerun the lg function.

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EXERCISE 14

Obtain the frequency distribution of final scores (Figure. 6) by typing the following commands and variable name, starting from the main Gradebook menu:
```
         report
        freq
        finalsc
```
Type q to quit the listing.
Press RETURN to go to the main Gradebook menu without printing or saving the report.

Figure 6

Tue Sep 12 14:18:08 1995 Page 1 G R A D E B O O K University of Delaware Course: STAT100 010 Dir: /home/strauss/usrc/02/00707/GB2/GBclass ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Variable: finalsc Cumulative Value Frequency Percentage Percentage 80.00 1 4.8 4.8 100.00 1 4.8 9.5 132.00 1 4.8 14.3 134.00 1 4.8 19.0 142.00 1 4.8 23.8 146.00 1 4.8 28.6 150.00 1 4.8 33.3 152.00 2 9.5 42.9 154.00 1 4.8 47.6 156.00 1 4.8 52.4 166.00 1 4.8 57.1 170.00 2 9.5 66.7 172.00 1 4.8 71.4 174.00 2 9.5 81.0 176.00 1 4.8 85.7 180.00 1 4.8 90.5 186.00 1 4.8 95.2 192.00 1 4.8 100.0 Total 21 N missing: 0

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EXERCISE 15

To assign cutoffs for letter grades for the first time. See foonote 4. Type
```
          lg
```
at the Enter: prompt on the main Gradebook menu.
You may assign letter grades for any variable. Press RETURN for the default, final score.
Follow on-screen prompts to enter the cutoff points (lowest score) for each letter grade. To change a value already entered before quitting or reaching D-, type the new value using the format
=
, for example:
```
          A- = 92
```
Pressing RETURN after entering the cutoff for D- returns you to the main menu.
View an updated report by typing the following commands:
```
          report
         list
```
Press RETURN for "all" . The listing shows names, Social Security numbers, grades for all tests and proj1, and the final grade as a numerical score and a letter grade.

You have now worked through all the basic functions Gradebook offers. Other functions, such as sort, remove, cd, and undo, are explained in the document Introduction to UNIX Gradebook.

The report function has an option that tells Gradebook to print sideways (landscape) if there are too many data columns to print vertically (portrait). To use the option, type -land after specifiying what to report; e.g., report list -land.

The edit function, used in Exercise 9 to edit grades, is also available for editing Gradebook parameters and letter grade cutoffs. In the next exercise you will edit both: First, you will change the type of cumulative score from sum to average in the parameters file. The original letter grade cutoffs will no longer be applicable, so you will edit them in the letter grade file. Changes in cumulative scores and letter grades do not take effect until you rerun the score or lg functions, respectively, as illustrated by several optional report list steps included in the exercise.

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EXERCISE 16

At the Enter: prompt on the main Gradebook menu, type
```
          edit
```
To edit the parameters file, type
```
          parm
```
Gradebook opens the parameters file in the pico editor, as shown in Figure 7.
On the line that shows the type of cumulative scores, position the cursor between "sum" and the * that follows. Use BACKSPACE or DEL to delete sum. Then type
```
          ave
```
to change cumulative scoring from sums to averages.
Press CTRL-x to save the change and exit pico. (Optional: Confirm that scores have not yet been updated by creating a report list. )
To update the numerical scores, at the Enter: prompt type
```
          score
```
and press RETURN for the default (all, including finalsc).
Create a new "report list" to confirm that numerical scores have been updated. Notice that letter grades are no longer listed. (Optional: Use your existing letter grade cutoffs to confirm that they are no longer appropriate. At the Enter: prompt, type lg and examine the newly computed grades by creating a new report list .)
To adjust the cutoffs, edit your letter grade file. At the Enter: prompt, type
```
          edit
```
When the edit menu appears, type
```
          lg
```
When prompted for name of grade, type
```
          finalsc
```
Gradebook opens the letter grade cutoff file for final scores in the pico editor.
Change each of the cutoff points to correspond to appropriate average rather than cumulative scores.
Press CTRL-x to save the changes and exit pico. (Optional: Confirm that letter grades have not been updated yet by creating a report list. )
To update the letter grades, at the Enter: prompt, type
```
          lg
```
and press RETURN to accept the default, finalsc.
Create a new "report list" to confirm that letter grades have been updated.

Figure 7

UW PICO(tm) 2.5               File: .gb/parms.update                          
   Make desired changes in your parameters.
   Permissible changes are marked by '*'.
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Title of course: STAT100 010
    Number of variables =   8
    Number of students  =   21

    Type of cumulative scores = sum *  (sum, ave)
       Type of numeric grades = raw *  (raw, per)
                Missing value = none *
                   plus/minus = yes *  (yes, no)

          type = test *  drop = 0 *
      1     var name = test1 * weight = 1 *
      2     var name = test2 * weight = 1 *
      3     var name = test3 * weight = 1 *
      4     var name = test4 * weight = 1 *
      5     var name = testsc  weight = 1 *

          type = proj *  drop = 0 *
      6     var name = proj1 *   weight = 1 *
      7     var name = projsc *  weight = 1 *

          type = final *  drop = 0 *
      8     var name = finalsc * weight = 1 *

                               [ Read 27 lines ]
^G Get Help ^O WriteOut  ^R Read File ^Y Prev Pg   ^K Cut Text  ^C Cur Pos   ^X Exit     ^J Justify   ^W Where is  ^V Next Pg   ^U UnCut Text^T To Spell

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Note: When you have finished, remember to quit from Gradebook by typing q and then log off your UNIX account.

Footnotes

Footnote 1: For your course, use a subdirectory name that is meaningful to you, e.g., chem100.fall95. If you are keeping Gradebooks for more than one course, consider creating a subdirectory called Class or Gradebooks, change to that subdirectory using the cd command, and create a separate subdirectory for each course you teach. Then change back to your home directory (cd).

Footnote 2:Normally, class rosters are sent only to faculty members. If you wish to have a roster sent to a teaching assistant or staff person, send mail to access@udel.edu requesting that this person be added to the authorized list and to Diane.Davis@mvs.udel.edu explaining that this person has your permission to receive roster files for your class. Include the person's name, e-mail address and Social Security number.

Footnote 3: When working with your own course(es), use roster.data as the file name, but substitute the name(s) of your class subdirectory or subdirectories for gbclass.

Footnote 4:To change letter grade cutoffs that you have already assigned, use the edit function from the main Gradebook menu and specify lg as your edit choice -- see Exercise 14.