The following list of objectives is designed to give you some guidance at what topics are important from the various sections we will cover from the book. These objectives are some of the key concepts that will be discussed for each section. When you take exams in this course you must show me your work to earn full credit for a problem. Correct answers with no work shown will be penalized. Partial credit will be given on problems therefore showing your work is vital to your grade and it also allows me to better determine where your weakness may be if you need assistance with any of the material.
MATH221 CHAPTER 0 OBJECTIVES
SECTION 0.1 Functions and Their Graphs
1) Understand interval notation
2) Understand function notation
3) Determine the domain of functions
4) Determine whether a graph is the graph of a function
SECTION 0.2 Some Important Functions
1) Graph various functions including: linear, quadratic,
cubics, 1/x, greatest
integer, and piecewise functions.
Your graphs should adhere to the following guidelines:
SECTION 0.4 Zeros of Functions – The Quadratic Formula
and Factoring
1) Be able to factor polynomials including knowing how
to factor sums or
differences of squares
and cubes, and to factor by grouping
2) Be able to determine the point(s) of intersection
of pairs of curves (Note: a point
of intersection must be
an ordered pair)
SECTION 0.5 Exponents and Power Functions
1) Use the laws of exponents to simplify expressions
(Note: there is often more than
one way the rules can
be used to simplify expressions. You should make clear
which rules you are using
to go from step to step and I should be able to follow
your steps)
SECTION 0.6 Functions and Graphs in Applications
1) Set up equations for simple word problems (DO NOT
SOLVE). These include
knowing the area and circumference
of a circle, the area and perimeter for
rectangles and triangles,
the Pythagorean theorem, and the volume and surface
area of a rectangular
box.
MATH221 CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES
SECTION 1.1 The Slope of a Straight Line
1) Be able to find equations of lines given two points
on the line, given a point and the slope of the line, given a slope and
y intercept, or given the line is parallel or perpendicular to another
line. (Note we use the terms undefined slope for a vertical line and zero
slope for a horizontal line)
2) Understand the various forms of a line including:
standard form, point slope form, and slope intercept form.
SECTION 1.2 The Slope of a Curve at a Point
1) Use the fact that the derivative is the slope of the
tangent line to the curve at a given point to help determine the derivatives
of simple linear functions.
2) Use the derivative of x2 is 2x and of x3
is 3x2 to find the equation of the tangent line to these curves
at some point (x, y)
Note: Because the derivative gives the slope and you
will already know a particular x value to the curve( and thus the ordered
pair for the point), I suggest you leave your equations for lines in point
slope form for this course.
SECTION 1.3 The Derivative
1) Use the power rule to find the derivative of x raised
to some power.
2) Rewrite radicals as expressions with fractional exponents
and denominators as negative exponents to apply the “power rule”.
3) Use difference quotients to calculate derivatives
the “long way”.
SECTION 1.4 Limits and the Derivative
1) Evaluate limits of polynomials
2) Evaluate limits (if possible) of indeterminate form
(0/0) by factoring and reducing expressions
3) Evaluate limits involving infinity (This procedure
is related to the precalculus topic of finding the horizontal asymptote
of a rational expression )
SECTION 1.5 Differentiability and Continuity
1) Determine whether the function whose graph is shown
is differentiable or continuous at a particular value of x
2) Determine whether the equation of a function given
is differentiable or continuous at a particular value of x
SECTION 1.6 Some Rules for Differentiation
1) Use the constant multiple rule for differentiation
2) Use the sum rule for differentiation
3) Use the general power rule for differentiation
4) Find the equation of the tangent line to a curve at
a particular point
SECTION 1.7 More About Derivatives
1) Determine the second derivatives of functions
2) Evaluate derivatives at a particular x value.
3) Understand the prime and double prime notation
4) Understand derivatives using variables other than
x and y
MATH221 CHAPTER 2 OBJECTIVES
SECTION 2.1 Describing Graphs of Functions
1) Given a graph you should be able to determine all
types of extrema and any inflection points
2) You should be able to determine the intervals where
a graph is increasing, decreasing, concave upward, and concave downward
3) You should be able to locate the x and y intercepts,
any undefined points, and any asymptotes.
SECTION 2.2 The First and Second Derivative Rules
1) When the first derivative is positive a graph is increasing,
when it is negative it is decreasing, and when it is zero it is a possible
extrema. You should be able to use a critical point table to determine
the intervals where a given graph is increasing or decreasing and to locate
extrema.
2) When the second derivative is positive the graph is
concave upward, when the second derivative is negative the graph is concave
downward, and when there is a switch in sign there is an inflection point.
You should be able to determine this information from a graph.
3) Give a rough sketch of a graph given some properties
of the function
4) Interpret the signs of the derivatives from a given
graph.
SECTION 2.3 Curve Sketching (Introduction)
1) You should be able to make use of the information
from the previous section to sketch a second or third degree polynomial.
2) You should be able to determine intercepts for a graph
from the equation.
Do not forget the properties of polynomials
that you learned in Precalculus. Polynomials are smooth unbroken
curves with at most n-1 turning points and goes off to ± infinity
at the extremes
SECTION 2.4 Curve Sketching (Conclusion)
1) You should be able to apply the techniques from the
previous section to graph a fourth degree polynomial or higher
2) You should determine if there is any symmetry to aid
in the graphing process.
3) You should be able to determine asymptotes for rational
expressions (we will not go into these graphs in much detail)
SECTION 2.5 Optimization Problems
1) Optimization problems should be checked to verify
you are at the minimum or maximum by making sure the first derivative switches
sign as it should.
2) Draw a picture if possible to help you determine the
objective function (What you are asked to minimize or maximize) and assign
variables
3) You should determine the constraint, which will allow
you to find a relationship between variables so the objective can be written
in terms of a single variable.
SECTION 2.6 Further Optimization Problems
1) Use the fact that revenue is xp (demand times price)
to help solve some of these problems
2) Use the fact that marginal means derivative for our
purposes to find the marginal revenue or marginal cost.
SECTION 2.7 Applications of Derivatives to Business
and Economics
1) Use the fact that Profit = Revenue – Cost to aid in
solving these problems. I will combine several concepts into one larger
problem that you will have to solve.
2) You will be given a problem of the form: Suppose
the consumer demand for a certain item as a function of its price p is
given x = D(p) = ______. Determine the production level and price
that maximizes the profit if the cost output function is given by C(x)
= ______.
I suggest will do this by performing the following
calculations
Find the restrictions on x and p
Solve for p in terms of x
Use revenue is price times demand to find R(x)
Use profit Pr(x) = R(x) – C(x)
Set the profit derivative equal to zero
Evaluate profit at the endpoints(restrictions on x determined earlier)
and at any
valid x value where the derivative was found to be zero. Use the best option.
Finally state: Produce __ units at $___ each for a maximum profit of $___
MATH221 CHAPTER 3 OBJECTIVES
SECTION 3.1 The Product and Quotient Rules
1) Be able to use the product or quotient rule to differentiate
2) Power rules still apply and combination problems
such as powers that involve a quotient, a quotient that involves a product
will be asked of you to differentiate.
3) Find the equation of the tangent line to these more
complex functions at a particular point.
You will be asked to leave the derivatives after the first step, meaning you will not be asked to simplify the expressions. The algebra involved in simplifying can take some time and is of secondary importance here. My concern is that you understand how to find the derivatives.
SECTION 3.2 The Chain Rule and General Power
Rule
1) Be able to work with composite functions
2) Use the chain rule for composite functions
3) Use the chain rule dy/dx = dy/du * du/dx
SECTION 3.3 Implicit Differentiation and
Related Rates
1) Find dy/dx implicitly (y is some unknown function
of x)
2) Solve a simple related rate problem
To find dy/dx implicitly you will need to differentiate
each term with respect to x treating y as a function of x. Then you
will need to isolate all terms involving dy/dx and factor out the dy/dx
and divide by the coefficient to solve for dy/dx.
MATH221 CHAPTER 4 OBJECTIVES
SECTION 4.1 Exponential Functions
1) Be able to work with an exponential function
2) Be able to work with the laws of exponents
3) Rewrite functions in the form 2kx or 3kx
as appropriate
4) Use ax = bx implies a
= b and ax = ay implies x = y to work with
exponential equations.
SECTION 4.2 The Exponential Function ex
1) Be able to work with the exponential function ex
2) Be able to take derivative of ex
3) Solve exponential equations.
SECTION 4.3 Differentiation of Exponential Functions
1) Find derivatives of eg(x)
2) Work with a simple differential equation y’ = ky
SECTION 4.4 The Natural Logarithm Function
1) Work with properties of logarithms
2) Work with natural logarithms
SECTION 4.5 The Derivative of lnx
1) Take derivatives of lnx
2) Take derivatives of ln(g(x))
SECTION 4.6 Properties of the Natural Logarithm
Function
1) Work with the properties of natural logarithms
ln(xy) = lnx + lny
ln(x/y) = lnx – lny
ln(xr) = rlnx
2) Use properties of logarithms to simplify sums or differences
of logarithms
You should also be able to solve logarithmic equations
involving other bases. We will cover this in class but it is not in your
book. You should remember the domains of logarithms are positive
real numbers therefore watch out for extraneous solutions when dealing
with logarithmic equations.
MATH221 CHAPTER 5 OBJECTIVES
SECTION 5.2 Compound Interest
1) Work with simple interest
2) Work with compounded interest (n times a year)
3) Work with continuous compounding
4) Determine the total amount or the interest accumulated
with any of the types of equations dealing with simple interest or compounded
interest.
SECTION 5.3 Applications of the Natural Logarithm
Function to Economics
1) Be able to determine the percentage rate of change
MATH221 CHAPTER 6 OBJECTIVES
SECTION 6.1 Antidifferentiation
1) Be able to integrate xr
2) Be able to integrate ekx
3) Be able to integrate 1/x
4) Remember that indefinite integration requires +C
SECTION 6.2 Areas and Riemann Sums
1) Determine the left endpoints, right endpoints or midpoints
of subintervals.
2) Use Riemann sums with left endpoints, right endpoints
or midpoints to approximate the area under the graph of f(x) on the given
interval with selected points as specified.
SECTION 6.3 Definite Integrals and the Fundamental
Theorem
1) Calculate definite integrals that may involve logarithms,
exponentials, polynomials, and powers by using the Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus.
SECTION 6.4 Areas in the xy-Plane
1) Find areas in the xy-plane by using a graph to help
you find the x values of the points of intersection and to determine which
curve is on top in a given interval.
2) Algebraically find the x values of the points of intersection
[by setting f(x) = g(x)] and to determine which curve is on top in a given
interval.
When integrating always use the top curve minus the bottom curve within the interval to guarantee a positive value upon integrating. This serves as a partial check of your work Otherwise if you get a negative and the work is correct you would use the absolute value of the result as the solution to the problem.
SECTION 6.5 Application of the Definite Integral
1) Find the average value of a continuous function over
an interval.
2) Find the consumer or producer surplus for a commodity
having a given demand curve.
MATH221 CHAPTER 7 OBJECTIVES
SECTION 7.1 Examples of Functions of Several
Variables
1) Evaluate a function of several variables at
a specific point.
2) Be able to draw level curves.
SECTION 7.2 Partial Derivatives
1) Find first partial derivatives of multivariable
functions
2) Find first partial derivatives at a specific point
3) Find the second partial derivatives of multivariable
functions.
SECTION 7.3 Maxima and Minima of Functions of
Several Variables
1) Use the second derivative test for a function of two
variables to find any local extrema of the bivariate function.
Note: This means you will set the first partial derivatives
to equal zero. Therefore you will need to be comfortable with solving
systems of equations which may not involve linear functions.
MATH221 CHAPTER 9 OBJECTIVES
SECTION 9.1 Integration by Substitution
1) Be able to integrate using u substitution. If
u substitution is appropriate the integration becomes one of our three
basic types, ex, 1/x, or xr. This means try
using u as the exponent if e is involved, the denominator if a fraction
is involved , or as what is being raised to a power if powers are involved
(higher power)
SECTION 9.2 Integration by Parts
1) When u substitution is not appropriate, you will need
to know how to integrate by parts. If ex is involved it
is g prime, if lnx is involved it is f(x) otherwise choose f(x) so that
it has a “nicer” derivative.
SECTION 9.3 Evaluation of Definite Integrals
1) Evaluate definite integrals involving u substitution
or parts.
SECTION 9.6 Improper Integrals
1) Evaluate improper integrals using limits.