Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological thief that robs people of control over their own bodies.
Now, the PDShoe, an ordinary beach shoe equipped with force sensors and a simple vibration system, shows promise for managing one of the most distressing symptoms of PD—freezing of gait, which is an episodic inability to step effectively.
The PDShoe was developed by the research group of Sunil Agrawal, UD professor of mechanical engineering. He and Ingrid Pretzer-Aboff, assistant professor of nursing, are collaborating with neurology and physiotherapy faculty at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) in New Delhi to evaluate and pilot test the PDShoe, which aims to help subjects with PD to walk more steadily and smoothly.
Kyle Winfree, a doctoral student in UD’s Biomechanics and Movement Science program, explains that the vibration in the robotic shoe is synchronized to the heel strike and toe-off of the person wearing it, so it delivers a vibration every time the foot strikes the ground.
Thus far, the team has done three pilot studies, two at AIIMS and one at UD, with a total of 27 subjects. The researchers evaluated two measures: stride length and stance-to-swing ratio (basically a measure of how long it takes the person to complete a step from start to finish). Subjects included patients with PD, and healthy individuals who served as a control group.
“We found that the PDShoes were able to discern differences between healthy and PD subjects,” says Winfree. “We also observed a therapeutic effect in PD patients after just nine sessions of vibration therapy.”
One woman in particular exhibited marked improvement after using the shoe. “She previously fell often and had particular difficulty navigating turns and crowds,” says Agrawal. “The shoe broadened her world—she was actually able to get out of the house and take a train to the institute to participate in the study.”
Although the PDShoe has been tested on very small pools of subjects and with limited variables to date, the researchers are collecting a wealth of data that will be valuable in directing future research, evaluating patients and shaping new therapies.
“We’re collecting data on 16 different measures,” says Winfree, “so in the future we can look at factors other than just stride length and stance-to-swing ratio—gait consistency, for example. We can also program the shoe to do things other than deliver a vibration on every foot strike.”
The team’s main goal now is to use their pilot study findings as the basis for a larger study to further demonstrate the effectiveness of the treatment. They are also considering ways to reduce the cost of the PDShoe by taking advantage of cell phone technology.
While a robotic shoe that can “reprogram” the mind for better motor control might seem futuristic, its foundation was
actually laid in the 19th century when French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot found that many of his patients reported
an improvement in their Parkinson’s
symptoms after they took long carriage
or train rides. Charcot developed a
“vibration chair” to treat these patients,
but he died before the therapy could
be evaluated.
Researchers and clinicians have recently begun to revisit Charcot’s idea, and there is evidence to suggest that various cuing mechanisms—auditory and visual as well as vibratory—can unfreeze the gait.
“We’re not sure of the mechanism,” says Pretzer-Aboff, who has extensive experience with PD patients and stroke survivors. “But if further studies show that the PDShoe works, it could have a tremendous impact on the quality of life for people with Parkinson’s.”
She points out that the shoe offers a number of advantages: It’s not invasive, it’s relatively inexpensive and it can be easily integrated into daily life. It also offers the opportunity for researchers to collect data remotely while patients are in their own homes, providing a more realistic picture of their abilities and behavior.
The PDShoe can’t cure Parkinson’s.But with nearly a million Americans living with the disease and another 60,000 diagnosed each year, it could certainly have the quality-of-life impact that Pretzer-Aboff is seeking.
She sees the partnership with Agrawal as invaluable in bridging the gap between engineering and health care.
“This is where technology is meeting the real world,” she says. “I love that bridge and the challenge of figuring out how to build it.”
Around the World
Previously, this patient with Parkinson’s disease often fell, but her gait has shown marked
improvement after using UD’s PDShoe.
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by Diane Kukich
INDIA: UD researchers are working on more than 20 projects with colleagues in India, from the PDShoe, to clean water and environmental issues. India is the world's largest democracy, with 1.2 billion people.
UD’s PDShoe is an ordinary beach shoe equipped with force sensors and a vibration system.
Kathy F. Atkinson
Kyle Winfree is a perfect example of the bridge between engineering
and human health, and he found the perfect home for his passion in UD’s Biomechanics and Movement Science (BIOMS) program. The BIOMS program—which includes faculty from the colleges of Health Sciences, Engineering, and Arts and Sciences—offers graduate students the opportunity to study in a variety of areas that cross traditional academic boundaries.
When Winfree first arrived at UD as a doctoral student, he joined Sunil Agrawal’s research group in the Mechanical Systems Lab, where he worked on an actively driven leg exoskeleton known as ALEX. The robotic device can modulate foot movement using motors at the joints, helping stroke survivors regain leg function and improve their walking ability.
“My bachelor’s degree is in physics, and I have a master’s in robotics,” Winfree says. “While I enjoyed the technical aspects of both of these disciplines, neither dealt much with people. When I had the opportunity to work with stroke patients in Dr. Agrawal’s research program, I jumped at the chance.”
After Winfree had worked on ALEX for a year or so, Agrawal approached him with a new idea—the PDShoe. Winfree teamed with David Hilgart, who had conducted undergraduate research with Agrawal on the project at UD and is now a graduate student in bio- engineering at the University of Utah. Again, Winfree welcomed the challenge of matching the engineering to the biological challenge.
But just how did Winfree become interested in working with Agrawal in the first place?
Well, that’s a longer story.
He explains that his parents live in Anchorage, Alaska, where they saw an article about Agrawal’s work on infant mobility with physical therapy professor Cole Galloway at UD.
“As soon as I read that story, I knew I wanted to work with Sunil,” he says. “I wanted to do research with impact.”
Like Agrawal, whose projects touch on both ends of the lifespan, Winfree plans to come full circle when he finishes his Ph.D.
“I’d love to work at CHOP [Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia],” he says. “I’m really interested in kids and mobility. If you can get people mobile, they’re much more likely to reach their true potential and become invested in society.”
The PDShoe team from UD and the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) includes experts in mechanical engineering, nursing, neuroscience and physical therapy. The UD team is led by Sunil Agrawal (standing, second from right) and Ingrid Pretzer-Aboff (seated at left).
Kyle Winfree, UD doctoral student, conducts tests of the PDShoe at the Newark Senior Center in Delaware.
web extra
See the PDShoe in action in this video.
Kathy F. Atkinson
