Sap ’99 Keynote
Distance Learning Symposium

As Presented by

Dr. Fred T. Hofstetter

University of Delaware

Emerging Technology and the Future of Education

How Technology Will Help Achieve the Goals of the Cognitive Movement in Education

Dreams

“If you can dream it, you can do it.”

Moore’s Law

Al Gore’s Law

Computer prices are declining at a rate of 50% per year.

Wearable Computers

Some people think we’ll even wear computers.

Digitization, Convergence, and Distribution

We can digitize anything you can read, see or hear; put it online in a standardized format; and provide worldwide access any time or place.

Scan any text

Snap any picture

Record any sound

Capture any video

Publish to the Web

Deliver Anywhere

Distribution Channels Will Change

MP3 Case Study

Toward Mobile Computing

What is MP3?

Free MP3 Downloads

One of the MP3 songs is “Time Has Told Me” from the hit country music album What I Deserve, by Kelly Willis.

Rio

Cassiopeia

It can play MP3 files as well as run Windows.

More Storage

Mobile Computing

Cassiopeia and other hand-held devices can also connect to the Internet via wireless technologies.

Remote Control

Iridium Low-Orbit Satellites

SitesAlive transmits live experiences from anywhere in the world.

Where Matters Not

Implications for Education

Behavioralism versus Constructivism

From Instructor
to Constructor

Much of what happens in the traditional classroom was influenced by the behaviorist movement, which dominated American psychology from about 1920 to 1970.

B. F. Skinner

Chief among the behaviorists was Skinner, who saw that human behavior is powerfully shaped by its consequences.

Outcomes

Skinner felt that psychology was essentially about behavior, and that behavior was largely determined by its outcomes.

Education Requires More

Although Skinnerian methods have been effective in training, the behaviorists fell short of what is most important in education for most educators.

Strategies for Learning

To educate, you must help the student develop strategies for learning. Such is the goal of the cognitive movement in education.

Cognitive
Psychology

Cognitive psychology portrays learners as active processors of information. Students learn better when they can invent knowledge through inquiry and experimentation instead of memorizing facts presented in a teacher-dominated classroom.

Traditional
Classrooms

It is difficult for a teacher to provide this kind of environment for each student in a traditional classroom. Since there is only one teacher for many students, it is physically impossible for a teacher to support each student’s individual needs.

World Wide Web

The World Wide Web helps by providing students with an interconnected world of knowledge to explore.

Downloading

Screen capture and downloading enable students to collect what they discover and construct a framework for organizing and understanding.

Active Processors

Since the learner is portrayed as an active processor, the trend to teach from this perspective is known as the constructivist movement in education.

From Push to Pull

Instructional Management Systems

Redefining the Teaching and Learning Infrastructure

The Node

Perhaps the best site for studying the current state of Instructional Management Systems is The Node.

Follow the link to the Independent Eye, where you'll find an invaluable source of comparisons and critical reviews of the leading Web-based teaching and learning packages.

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Asynchronous Learning
Network

The Asynchronous Learning Network is a valuable resource for keeping track of new developments in Instructional Management Systems.

Follow the link to ALN Products for a complete listing of Web-based instructional management systems and communication environments on the market today.

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IMS Project

Sponsored by EDUCAUSE, the IMS Project is creating a set of standards for defining protocols for the interoperability of instructional management systems.

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Serf®

Server-side Educational Records Facilitator

What Is Serf?

Invented in 1997, Serf is a self-paced multimedia learning environment that enables students to navigate a syllabus, access instructional resources, communicate, and submit assignments over the Web.

Instructors create courses without having to know HTML.

Logging
On

Viewing the Course

Student Control Panel

Instructor Options

Editing a Serf Syllabus

Kinds of Syllabus Events

Creating an Event

Editor Viewer

Navigating via
the Index

Editing the Calendar

Setting the Date

Jumpstarting
the Calendar

Editing the Style

Rostering Students

Using the
Gradebook

Assigning
Grades

Discussion Forums

Controlling Forum
Access

Reading Forum
Topics

Writing In a
Forum

Serf 2.0
Summer 1998

Version 2 added to Serf a testing system that can administer and grade objective test questions in a traditional exam style, or present competency-based tests according to Bloom’s mastery learning model.

Kinds of Test
Questions

True/False

Multiple Choice

Fill-in-the-Blank

Image Map

Short Answer

Slider (Likert Scale)

Editing a
Question

Editing a
Pool

Editing a
Module

Practice vs Graded

Weight of Module

Criterion

Repeats

Reviews

Deadlines

Time frames

Editing a
Section

Relative weight

Question pool

Random or sequential

Length

Competency

Origin

Hide or see scores

Time limit

Allow skipping questions

Allow changing answers

Branching on condition

Serf 3.0
Summer 1999

Version 3 added support for surveys, diagnostic assessments, and tutorials.

Creating a
Diagnosis

Making a
Diagnostic

DOL Databases

The Department of Labor is creating a suite of Web sites to help people get a career and obtain the training necessary to qualify for a job in their chosen field.

Every American will have a Career Management Account and a Lifelong Learning Portfolio.

America’s
Job Bank

America’s Job Bank lets you track job searches, post your resume, create cover letters and develop a personal on-line Career Kit to facilitate your job search.

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America’s Learning
Exchange

America’s Learning Exchange is a free electronic marketplace connecting people to the training and education they need.

Job seekers find who’s offering the training they need to qualify for a job.

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Digital Video On Demand

Master Teaching

Any Time, Any Place

MPEG Video

MPEG has compact-disc quality audio and can do 5.1 surround sound.

Satellite TV

Beware of DirecTV, however, because recent court rulings have blocked satellite access to ABC, CBS, and NBC.

DVD

Fastest rollout in media history.

Profitable in the first year.

HDTV

HDTV will replace NTSC.

Eventually, everyone will buy a new TV.

George Gilder’s vision of a telecomputer may be realized.

Master Teachers On Demand

Videoconferencing

NetMeeting

Teachers and students can be anywhere.

As Paquin said, “there is no there.”

PowerPoint Broadcast

PowerPoint’s new Presentation Broadcast feature can be used to put presentations onto the Web, complete with audio and video of the presenter.

Coping with the Future

The future changes before it gets here.

Multi Multimedia

Vendors create these competing standards to differentiate their products.

Educators must help vendors understand this is self-defeating.

Keeping Up

Two Textbooks

Artwork Credits

The author wishes to thank artist Roy Scott for granting permission to show these images from his portfolio as part of this presentation.

Here’s a closing quote from Alan Kay,
VP of R&D at Walt Disney Imagineering.

“The best way to predict the future is to invent it.”


	How Technology Will Help Achieve the Goals of the Cognitive Movement in Education


	We can digitize anything you can read, see or hear; put it online in a standardized format; and provide worldwide access any time or place.


	One of the MP3 songs is “Time Has Told Me” from the hit country music album What I Deserve, by Kelly Willis.


	Cassiopeia and other hand-held devices can also connect to the Internet via wireless technologies.


	SitesAlive transmits live experiences from anywhere in the world.


	Much of what happens in the traditional classroom was influenced by the behaviorist movement, which dominated American psychology from about 1920 to 1970.


	Chief among the behaviorists was Skinner, who saw that human behavior is powerfully shaped by its consequences.


	Skinner felt that psychology was essentially about behavior, and that behavior was largely determined by its outcomes.


	Although Skinnerian methods have been effective in training, the behaviorists fell short of what is most important in education for most educators.


	To educate, you must help the student develop strategies for learning. Such is the goal of the cognitive movement in education.


	Cognitive psychology portrays learners as active processors of information. Students learn better when they can invent knowledge through inquiry and experimentation instead of memorizing facts presented in a teacher-dominated classroom.


	It is difficult for a teacher to provide this kind of environment for each student in a traditional classroom. Since there is only one teacher for many students, it is physically impossible for a teacher to support each student’s individual needs.


	The World Wide Web helps by providing students with an interconnected world of knowledge to explore.


	Screen capture and downloading enable students to collect what they discover and construct a framework for organizing and understanding.


	Since the learner is portrayed as an active processor, the trend to teach from this perspective is known as the constructivist movement in education.


	Perhaps the best site for studying the current state of Instructional Management Systems is The Node.
	Follow the link to the Independent Eye, where you'll find an invaluable source of comparisons and critical reviews of the leading Web-based teaching and learning packages.


	The Asynchronous Learning Network is a valuable resource for keeping track of new developments in Instructional Management Systems.
	Follow the link to ALN Products for a complete listing of Web-based instructional management systems and communication environments on the market today.


	Sponsored by EDUCAUSE, the IMS Project is creating a set of standards for defining protocols for the interoperability of instructional management systems.


	Invented in 1997, Serf is a self-paced multimedia learning environment that enables students to navigate a syllabus, access instructional resources, communicate, and submit assignments over the Web.
	Instructors create courses without having to know HTML.


	Version 2 added to Serf a testing system that can administer and grade objective test questions in a traditional exam style, or present competency-based tests according to Bloom’s mastery learning model.


	True/False
	Multiple Choice
	Fill-in-the-Blank
	Image Map
	Short Answer
	Slider (Likert Scale)


	Practice vs Graded
	Weight of Module
	Criterion
	Repeats
	Reviews
	Deadlines
	Time frames


	Relative weight
	Question pool
	Random or sequential
	Length
	Competency
	Origin
	Hide or see scores
	Time limit
	Allow skipping questions
	Allow changing answers
	Branching on condition


	Version 3 added support for surveys, diagnostic assessments, and tutorials.


	The Department of Labor is creating a suite of Web sites to help people get a career and obtain the training necessary to qualify for a job in their chosen field.
	Every American will have a Career Management Account and a Lifelong Learning Portfolio.


	America’s Job Bank lets you track job searches, post your resume, create cover letters and develop a personal on-line Career Kit to facilitate your job search.


	America’s Learning Exchange is a free electronic marketplace connecting people to the training and education they need.
	Job seekers find who’s offering the training they need to qualify for a job.


	MPEG has compact-disc quality audio and can do 5.1 surround sound.


	Beware of DirecTV, however, because recent court rulings have blocked satellite access to ABC, CBS, and NBC.


	Fastest rollout in media history.
	Profitable in the first year.