330 – Constantinople founded
711 – Moslems invade Spain
732 – Moslems defeated at Tours,
France
768-814 – Charlemagne (crowned
800)
962-1806 – Holy Roman Empire (Central
Europe)
1054 – Schism of West and East
1066 – Norman invasion of British
Isles
1095 – First Crusade
12th century – rise of
towns; development of the monarchy in England and France; coming of Arabic
and Greek science; beginning of universities and scholasticism
CHRISTIAN "SPAIN"
Sancho III el mayor de Navarra
(970-1035):Captures a considerable part of Aragón from the Moors,
also conquers León and Castilla
In 1033 he splits his kingdom among
his children
García
(will be Garcia III) – the county of Navarra
Fernando
(will be Fernando I) – the county of Castilla (becomes a kingdom)
Gonzalo
– the county of Sobrarbe
Ramiro
– the county of Aragón
Fernando I of Castile (1035-1063):
Conquers and adds to his kingdom
Galicia, León (1037) and part of Navarra
The Muslims of Toledo, Sevilla
and Badajoz pay him tribute
Proclaims himself emperor of España
(from Lat. Hispania) in 1056; initiates period of reconquest
Divides his kingdom among his children
Alfonso (will be Alfonso VI) –
León
García – Galicia
Urraca – Zamora
Elvira – Toro
Sancho II – Castilla; assassinated
in 1072 while laying siege to Zamora |
|
Alfonso VI of Castilla and León
(1065-1109)
Sancho is killed by treachery during
his siege of Zamora. Alfonso takes over Castilla
Legend has it that El Cid forced
Alfonso to swear that he was not involved in the assassination of Sancho,
and that Alfonso’s "hatred" of El Cid stems from this outrage.
Alfonso takes Toledo from the Muslims |
Christian Spain, after 1212, consists
of 2 great kingdoms:
Castilla and
León (which includes Asturias, Córdoba, Extremadura, Galicia,
Jaén and Sevilla)
Aragón
(which includes Barcelona, Valencia, the Balearic Islands, and holdings
in Italy)
MUSLIM "SPAIN"
-
The Umayyad dynasty– ruled for about
3 centuries, until about 1030.
Its capital, Córdoba, was second
only to Constantinople in splendor, and Spanish civilization was far in
advance of the rest of Europe. Schools were built, many of them free and
meant for the education of the poor. Universities cultivated the study
of medicine, mathematics, philosophy and literature (including Aristotle);
art and architecture flourished; agriculture and commerce were encouraged;
effective irrigation systems were constructed. After the death of Hisham
III, the caliphate split into a number of independent and mutually hostile
Moorish kingdoms, including Córdoba, Granada, Sevilla, Toledo, Lisboa,
Zaragoza, Murcia and Valencia.
-
The Almoravids—c1030-1145
1086—The Muslim kings of Granada, Sevilla
and Badajoz call the Almoravids (a Muslim sect of North Africa) to their
aid after losing Toledo to Alfonso VI. The Almoravids defeat Alfonso, but
then turn against the Spanish Moors. Soon afterwards, the Almoravids rule
Muslim Spain.
Invade Spain and become masters within
5 years. They are defeated in a great battle on the plains of Toledo in
July 1212 by the united Christian forces and are expelled from Spain. Moorish
power is now limited to some ports around Cádiz, and the kingdom
of Granada which endured until 1492 and became the greatest and most splendid
Muslim realm. |