CRJU 110 Introduction to Criminal Justice
Exam II Study Guide
Directions: As before, this guide is
not intended to replace a careful reading and studying of chapters 6,7,8,10,11 of
the Inciardi Text. Is intended only as a guide to items and concepts should be
emphasized during study. Notice that the
guide contains 100 items. 70 of these or similar items will appear on your
exam along with
30 TF items drawn from lectures.
Chapter 6
1. ___________ represent(s) the largest and
most visible segment of the criminal justice system.
2. Structurally, law enforcement in the
United States has the characteristic of
3. The ___________ system organized the
community into tithings, hundreds, and shires.
4. Thief-takers were
5. ___________ can be credited with laying
the foundation for the first modern police force.
6. The posse comitatus
7. The first metropolitan police force in
Europe appeared in
8. Federal law enforcement agencies
9. The investigative units of the
_______________ focus on the forgery and counterfeiting of U.S. currency, checks,
bonds, and federal food stamps.
10. In
addition to the FBI, the ___________ has legal jurisdiction extending to all
federal crimes that are not the specific responsibility of some other federal
law enforcement agency.
11. In the
years following the Civil War and Reconstruction, the office of the sheriff
12.
Auxiliary police reserves
13. Of the
following, with which was the FBI associated in one way or another?
14. The FBI
was organized because
15. Congress
opposed the creation of the FBI because
CHAPTER 7
16. Most
police work involves
17. Federal
Bureau of Investigation (FBI) data suggests that the largest proportion of
police arrest activity relates to such crimes as
18. At the
apex of the police peacekeeping role is
19.
"Strategic lenience" refers to
20. A police
"coop" is a location
21. Which of
the following is true about police regulations?
22. The most
visible and primary parts of policing are
23.
____________ is the most basic aspect of police work.
24. In a study
conducted by the Police Foundation in 1972-73, three different levels of
preventive patrol in Kansas City were closely compared. "Normal"
patrols involved a single car cruising the streets when not responding to
calls; "proactive" patrols involved doubling or tripling the number
of cruising cars; "reactive" patrols involved eliminating police
cruisers altogether, with police entering the areas designated for study only
in response to specific requests. The results of the Kansas City experiment
showed that
25. The
ambiguous character of police response to domestic dispute situations appears
to originate in
26. Which of
the following is most true of detectives?
27. A crime
is considered "cleared" when
28.
Detectives more typically focus their energies on assault and rape cases, as
opposed to burglary and theft cases, because
29.
Detectives find most crimes difficult to solve because
30.
"Multiple clearance" occurs when
31. An
"exceptional clearance," in police terminology, occurs when
32. The most
controversial of the special approaches to crime control are the
33.
"Sting" operations involve the use of various undercover methods to
34. Studies
of police discretionary behavior indicate that the most significant factor in
the decision to arrest is the
35. Which of
the following is an accurate statement regarding police discretion?
CHAPTER 8
36. The
arrest powers of police include
37. The
Fourth Amendment protects citizens from
38.
____________ refers to facts or apparent facts that are reliable and generate a
reasonable belief that a crime has been committed.
39. As a
result of the Supreme Court's decision in Aguilar v. Texas (1964)
and Spinelli v. United States (1969),
40. If a
citizen suffers an unlawful arrest,
41. The
issue in Terry v. Ohio was the legal status of
42. The
____________ held that an automobile or other vehicle may, upon probable cause,
be searched without a warrant even though in a given situation there might be
time to obtain one.
43. The
Supreme Court's ruling in Delaware v. Prouse held that the
actions of the arresting officer were violative of Prouse's ____________
Amendment rights.
44. Although
warrantless search of a premises is limited by Fourth Amendment interpretations,
it is permitted, under certain conditions, when
45. The
Fourth Amendment does not protect persons against searches and seizures
by
46. Harris
v. United States established the
47.
According to the "plain view" doctrine,
48.
Warrantless searches may be undertaken by law enforcement officers when the
person in control of the area or object consents to a search. However, in the
opinion of the U.S. Supreme Court,
49. The
exclusionary rule was established in federal cases with
50. Wolf
v. Colorado dealt with
51. The
exclusionary rule was extended to the states in
52. The
significance of Chimel v. California was that it
53. The
retreat from Mapp began with
54.
Involuntary confessions are prohibited by the ____________ Amendment.
55. The assistance
of counsel is guaranteed by the ____________ Amendment.
56. The
forced confessions in Brown v. Mississippi were treated by the
Supreme Court as a(n) ____________ Amendment issue.
57. The
decision in Escobedo v. Illinois held that
58. The Supreme
Court holding in _____________ stated that the guarantee of due process
requires that suspects in police custody be informed of their right to remain
silent, that anything they say may be used against them, and that they have the
right to counsel before any questioning can take place.
59. The
Supreme Court's "retreat from Miranda" occurred under the leadership
of
60. The
search warrant
CHAPTER 10
61. The
____________ court system in the United States is characterized by court
structures at both the state and federal levels.
62. The
mixture of name, functions, and types that characterize state court structures
seems to have resulted from the fact that
63. The
lowest level courts in the state court structure are the courts of ____________
jurisdiction.
64. Courts
of limited jurisdiction are the entry point for
65. The
"jurisdiction" of a court refers to
66. Courts
of general jurisdiction
67. The most
neglected of the state courts seem to be those of ____________ jurisdiction.
68. The trial
____________ is a new trial, on appeal from a lower court to a court of general
jurisdiction.
69. The
problems of the lower courts stem from
70. The
goals of dedicated drug treatment courts include
71. Trial
courts are "courts of record" because
72. More
than half the states have a four-tier rather than a three-tier court system.
This additional tier is generally at the ____________ level.
73. The most
pressing issue in court reform is
74.
Historically, U.S. commissioners were the federal counterparts of state
75.
Currently in the federal judiciary, the U.S. commissioners
76. Which of
the following is not within the authority of U.S. magistrates?
77. The U.S.
district courts were created by the
78. The U.S.
district courts are the federal courts of ____________ jurisdiction.
79. There
are a total of ____________ judicial circuits in the federal system.
80. In Marbury
v. Madison, the U.S. Supreme Court
CHAPTER 11
81. Which of
the following is not a function of trial judges?
82. Although
all federal judges are nominated by the president, they must also be confirmed
by the
83. The
Missouri Plan is a mechanism suggested by the American Bar Association for
84. Peru's
system of "faceless" judges was originally introduced to
85. The
____________ is the top law enforcement authority of a community.
86. At the
most general level, the responsibilities of the prosecutor include enforcing
the law and
87. The
______________ is a formal entry into the record declaring an unwillingness to
prosecute a case.
88. George
F. Cole's study of prosecutors found that
89. It is
generally believed that almost 90 percent of all criminal convictions involve
90. It is
the responsibility of the ____________ to maintain order in the courtroom.
91. The
____________ witness can present, as evidence, the result of an investigation
that led to the arrest of the accused.
92. The
decision whether someone qualifies as an expert witness for the defense is made
by
93. The
right to counsel is guaranteed by the ____________ Amendment.
94. The case
of the ____________ reached the U.S. Supreme Court in Powell v. Alabama.
95. The
decision in ____________ established that a defendant has the right to counsel at
trial whenever he may be imprisoned for any offense, whether it be a felony or
a misdemeanor.
96. Argersinger
v. Hamlin, decided in 1972 by a unanimous vote, held that
97. A
defense attorney's most intensive efforts for the accused occur
98. Criminal
law is a field that
99. In the
"lawyerÄclient confidence game" described by Abraham S. Blumberg, the
defense attorney works not only for the client, but also for the
100. The
role of the defense attorney is to